Freedom of Media and Emergency Situations in the European Human Rights Regional Regime after September 11th

Document Type : .

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of the Department of Public Law, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University

2 - Professor of the Department of Public Law, Islamic Azad University

10.30465/cps.2018.4038

Abstract

Everyone has right to exchange information and access to the most up-to-date domestic and foreign news and global developments by media. This exchange of information and the transmission of messages are among the fundamental rights of human. Today freedom of the media has become one of the issues of the international law regime. In this article is analyzed and considered violation of freedom of expression and media under normal and emergency situation in regional regime of European Human Rights by analytical-descriptive and partly statistical method and review of some decisions issued by the European Commission of Human Rights in the framework of norms, structures and institutions of public law. Regarding to globalization and develop of social networks and the media and the intelligence community and the globalization of human rights, the main issue is ensuring the right to freedom of the media, especially in emergency situations, especially after the events of September 11th . Our question in this article, is the right to freedom of expression through media absolute or not in emergency situations? In response, the right to freedom of expression is restricted in emergency situations so it is applicable in conditions of observing the public interests and human rights principles and standards.

Keywords


انصاری، باقر(1386). حقوق ارتباط جمعی، تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت)، پژوهشکده تحقیق و توسعه علوم انسانی.
انصاری، باقر(1397). حقوق رسانه، تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت)، پژوهشکده تحقیق و توسعه علوم انسانی.
اونس تونی(1380). دموکراتیک سازی و حقوق بشر، دکتر حسین شریفی طرازکوهی، پرتال جامع علوم انسانی، راهبرد ، شماره 22.
ژان کازنوو) 1387(. جامعه شناسی وسایل ارتباط جمعی، باقر ساروخانی، منوچهر محسنی، ناشر: اطلاعات.
قاری سید فاطمی، سید محمد (1389). حقوق بشر در جهان معاصر، چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات شهر دانش.
قلیجائی لیلا(1390). «بررسی نقش واقعه 11 سپتامبر بر وضعیت امنیت و حقوق کشورهای در حال توسعه با تاکید بر خاورمیانه»، انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی، شماره 14.
کریستیانز، کلیفورد جی(1385). «فن آوری و نظریه سه وجهی رسانه»، (بازاندیشی درباره رسانه، دین و فرهنگ، استوارت ام. هوور، نات لاندبای)، تهران، انتشارات سروش.
معتمد نژاد، کاظم(1379). حقوق مطبوعات، تهران: وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی، دفتر مطالعات و توسعه رسانه‌ها.
 
Douglas Griffin & Libby Morgan, Introduction to News Media Law and Policy in Jordan:" A primer complied as a part of the Jordan Media Strengthening Program" (USAID & REX date unknown).
Evans Tony, Transformation of Democracy (ed. A. Mc Grew), Chapter 6, Democratization & Human Rights (Cambridge: Polity Press, (1999) PP, 122-124.
http://assembly.Coe.int/nw/xml/news/news_view_en.asp?newsid=6603&lang=2&cat=8.
http://Spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile? gId=21249.
http://www. barhumanrights. org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Turkey-Report-June-2017. pdf, ¶ 94.
https://www. britannica. com/topic/Council-of-Europe,
Laurent Pech, Balancing Freedom of the Press with Competing Rights and Interests: A Comparative Perspective, in Eoin O’Dell (ed), Freedom of Expression (Aldershot: Ashgate) (2004). Available at SSRN:http://ssrn. com.
P. Van Dijk and G. Van Hoof, Kluwar, Report of the committee of Ministers, in “Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights”, 1990.
Philip Leach, Rights, Oxford University Press, 2005, Second Edition.
کنوانسیون‌های بین‌المللی حقوق بشر
کنوانسیون‌های منطقه‌ای حقوق بشر
کنوانسیون اروپایی حمایت از حقوق بشر و آزادی‌های اساسی 1950 معروف به کنوانسیون اروپایی حقوق بشر
کنوانسیون آمریکایی حقوق بشر 1969
منشور آفریقایی حقوق بشر و ملت‌ها 1981
منشور اجتماعی اروپا 1996
اعلامیه‌ای درباره حقوق بشر در اسلام 1990 یا اعلامیه قاهره
منشور عرب درباره حقوق بشر 1994
اعلامیه آمریکایی حقوق و تکالیف بشر 1948
آراء دادگاه حقوق بشر اروپا
ECHR Press release No. 2/98, 6 March 1998, paragraphs 14-15.
ECHR, Turkey, They are application number: 13237/17, 13252/17, 72/17, 36493/17, 16538/17, 23199/17, 80/17, 1210/17, 25939/17, and 27684/17.
Eur. Court HR, Case of Ireland v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 18 January 1978, Series A, No. 25, PP. 78-79, Para. 207.
European Court of Human Rights, Second Section, Decision as to the admissibility of application no. 23131/03.
Glas Nadezhda Eood and Elenkov v. Bulgaria, 11 Oct. 2007, no. 14134/02, § 46.
Leroy v. France, 2th October 2008.
Norwood v. the U. K, 16 Nov. 2004.
Sunday Times v. United Kingdom (No. 1), 26 Apr. 1979, no. 6538/74, § 48.
Youth Initiative for Human Rights v. Serbia, 25 June 2013, no. 48135/06, § 13
 
یادداشت‌ها
The Court held that there had been no violation of Article 10 (freedom of expression) of the convention in the respect of the applicant's convention for complicity in condoning terrorism, application no. 36109/03
U. N. Econ. and Soc. Council, Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, U. N. Doc. E/CN. 4/1985/4, Annex (1985) (“Siracusa Principles”); G. A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights art. 12 (Dec. 10, 1948) (“Universal Declaration”); ICCPR, art. 19 (3).
UN Human Rights Committee General Comment No. 34, ¶ 25, U. N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34 (29 July 2011) (“General Comment 34”).