The Government Penal Organization, as a quasi-judicial institution and a subsidiary of the executive branch, plays an important role in monitoring the market and combating economic corruption. However, the activities and competencies of this organization have always been accompanied by challenges. This study, titled Challenges of the Government Penal Organization in Achieving Good Governance, focuses on the anti-corruption index and examines the obstacles and limitations of this organization in combating corruption. The main question of the research is what obstacles does the Penal Organization face in combating economic corruption and how can these challenges be reduced? The research method is descriptive-analytical and was conducted based on data collection from library and internet sources. The results show that although the Penal Organization plays an effective role in achieving good governance indicators, it faces challenges such as legislative ambiguities, disproportionate punishments, lack of specialized human resources, and procedural problems. These factors reduce efficiency in combating corruption. It is suggested that legal reforms, designing transparent and accurate processes for handling economic cases, employing specialized human resources, and strengthening preventive mechanisms be put on the agenda to remove these obstacles. These reforms can pave the way for improving organizational performance and promoting good governance.