Economic Sanctions, Mental Effects and Political Action: Case Study of University of Tehran`s Students

Document Type : .

Authors

Abstract

Economic sanctions and the scale on which they affect citizens and government of the target state, have always been one of the most interesting, yet controversial topics in International Relations and Foreign Policy studies. In spite of all the various scientific hypotheses available, the impact scale of such sanctions is not yet fully manifested. Nevertheless, the majority of the research carried out in this area considers the legal and economical aspects of sanctions. In this research, however, a new aspect of sanction impacts on citizens of the target country is to be studied. Therefore, the mental and psychical impacts of sanctions imposed by the United States of America on Iranian citizens’ political demands and the level of their political participation will be the research’s subject matter. Since a statistical and quantitative method is used in this research and also considering the fact that analyzing the mental impacts of sanctions on all Iranian citizens is improbable, the students of Tehran University are considered as the statistical population in this case study. The identification of the factors in order to evaluate the hypothesis’ variables has been done through literature review studies in this field. According to the research hypothesis; effective sanctions on citizens, result in higher levels of political behavior and their demands would incline toward more economical matters. However, the results prove the early hypothesis somehow inaccurate: although the level of political behavior is high in those individuals who considered sanctions “effective”, their claims are more of a meaningful civil and political matter. Such traits seem to be related to peculiar characteristics of the statistical population: the students of Tehran University. Reevaluating the early hypothesis is possible in case the statistical population grows larger. It is noteworthy to mention that the data is obtained from surveys distributed among students of Tehran University and statistically analyzed by means of SPSS software

Keywords

References

اتکینسون، ریتا؛ ودیگران. (1388) زمینه روانشناسی هیلگارد. ترجمه: محمد تقی براهنی و دیگران. چاپ دهم. تهران: انتشارات رشد.
رفیع پور، فرامرز. (1374) کندوکاو و پنداشته­ها: مقدمه­ای بر روش­های شناخت جامعه وتحقیقات اجتماعی. تهران: شرکت سهامی انتشار.
ریو، جان مارشال. ( 1388) انگیزش و هیجان. ترجمه: یحیی سید محمدی. چاپ سیزدهم. تهران: نشر ویرایش.
زهرانی، مصطفی. (1376) نظریه­های تحریم اقتصادی تهران: مرکز چاپ و انتشارات وزارت امور خارجه.
فالتزگراف، ریچارد؛ و دوئرتی، جیمز. (1372) نظریه­های متعارض در روابط بین­الملل. جلد دوم. ترجمه: علیرضا طیب و وحید بزرگی. تهران: قومس.
فتحی آشتیانی، علی. (1385) مقدمه­ای بر روانشناسی سیاسی. چاپ ششم. تهران: مؤسسه انتشارات بعثت.
کاتم، مارتا؛ و دیگران. (1386) مقدمه­ای بر روانشناسی سیاسی. ترجمه: کمال خرازی و جواد علاقبندراد. تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
مؤمنی، منصور. (1386) تحلیل­های آماری با استفاده از SPSS. تهران: کتاب نو.
مانهایم، یارول؛ و ریچارد ریچ (1377) روش­های تحقیق در علوم سیاسی: تحلیل تجربی. ترجمه: لیلا سازگار. تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
نوسل، کیم ریچارد؛ (1388) "مجازاتها". دانشمامه روابط بین الملل و سیاست جهان. ترجمه: علیرضا طیب. گردآورنده: مارتین گریفیتس. تهران: نشر نی. صص 890-888

 

Andrew, M., & Khan, A. (2009). The Efficacy of UN Sanctions. Security Dialogue, 31, 279-292.

Baard, P., Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2004). Intrinsic Need Satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Weil‐Being in Two Work Settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2045-2068.
Blanton, S. L. (1996). Images in Conflicts: the Case of Ronald Regen and El Salvador. International Studies Quarterly, 40, 23-44.
Boulding, K. E. (1961). Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. University of Michigan Press.
Dahlin, B. (2001). The Primacy of Cognition or – of Perception. Science & Education, 1, 453-475.
Dalton, R. (2000). Citizen Attributes and Political Behavior. Comparative Political Studies, 33, 912-940.
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1987). The Support of Autonomy and the Control of Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1024-1037.
Elliot, K. A., Hufbauer, G. C., & Oegg, B. (2008). The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty.
Eulau, H., Janowitz, M., & Eldersveld, S. (1956). Political Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Reasearch. Gelencoe: Illionois.
Farrell, J., & Asa, S. P. (1968). Images and Reality in World Politics. New York: Columbia Univesitu Press.
Fiske, S. (2000). Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination at the Seam between the Centuries: Evolution, Culture, Mind, and Brain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 299-322.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R., Gruen, R., & Delongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of personality and social psychology, 50, 571-579.
Galotti, K. (2013). Cognitive Psychology In and Out of Laboratory. Sage Publications.
Hamilton, S. (2008). The Relationship between Perceived Body Image and Depression. Student Journal of Psychological Sciene, 1, 13-20.
Holsti, O. (1968). Cognitive Dynamics and Images of the Enemy. In J. Farrell, & S. P. Asa, Images and Reality in Worlg Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hufbauer, G. C., Schott, J., & Elliott, K. A. (1985). Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy. Washington D.C: Peter Institution for International Economic.
Krejcie, R., & Morgan, D. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurment, 607-610.
Pickens, J. (2005). Attitudes and perceptions. Organizational Behavior in Health Care, 43-75.
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making Sense of Cronbach`s Alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 53-55.
University of Tehran. (2014, January 1). UT Overview, Facts & Figures. Retrieved July 24, 2014, from University of Tehran: http://www.ut.ac.ir/en/contents/UT-OverView/Facts-Figures/Facts.and.Figures.html
Woodward, J., & Roper, E. (1956). Political Activity of American Citizens. In H. Eulau, S. Eldersveld, & M. Janowitz, Political Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Research (pp. 133-137). Glencoe: Illinois.
Young, P. T. (1963). Emotion and Personality by Magda Arnold. The American Journal of Psychology, 76, 516-519.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics