The Political and Security Consequences of Responsibility to Protect in Syria

Document Type : .

Authors

1 Faculty Member of International Common Law

2 Assistant Professor of InternationalRelations

Abstract

International Crisis in 1990s led to gross violation of human rights including mass atrocities, genocide, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing as well. at the end of 1990s it was crystal clear that Humanitarian Intervention doctrine can not give a proper answer to humanitarian disasters. The Humanitarian Intervention doctrine has no Powerful legal bases in International Customary Law and treaty based International Common Law. Deficiencies of this doctrine led the international community towards the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. According to R to P, sovereignty is not a privilege but a responsibility. R to P makes concentration on prevention and halt of crimes including “genocide, war crimes, crime against humanity”. It recognizes low intensified military measures in case of deadlock of UNSC and failure of all diplomatic means.
 Despite the fact that most of international organizations like UNHRC in their frequent reports and resolutions referred to commitment of atrocity crimes in Syria but due to lack of international support the doctrine was not implemented. This article  is about to discuss about the legality of Humanitarian Intervention in Syria and the latest development of this doctrine within the framework of Responsibility to Protect doctrine. Regarding the subject matter not only we survey the treaty base International Common Law, Customary International Common Law, UNSC and GA resolutions and documents, international legal texts, practices of states and International organizations but also the author survey the political and security consequences of R to P implementation in Syria.

Keywords


حاجی‌یوسفی، میرمحمد (1388). آموزش،پژوهش و تولید دانش سیاسی در کانادا، چاپ اول، تهران: پژوهشکده مطالعات فرهنگی و اجتماعی وزارت علوم.
دیدخت، صادقی( 1392) مسئولیت بین­المللی حمایت و حاکمیت دولتها، فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین­الملل، دوره 6، شماره 22.
سید قاسم، زمانی، سورنا، جایگاه دکترین مسوولیت حمایت در بحران سوریه، زمانیان، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 46، شماره 3، پاییز 1395.
محمد تقی، رضایی، علی، ایلخانی پور، سهیلا، کوشا، علی، غلامعلی پور( 1394)، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی جهانی شدن، سال ششم، شماره پانزدهم، بهار 1394.
موسی، پاشا بنیاد، نسیرین، مصفا، کاربرد دکترین مسوولیت به حمایت در حقوق بین­الملل: پاسخ به حوادث، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 46.
Findlay, Martha Hall (2011). Can R2P Survive Libya and Syria. Strategic Studies Working Group Papers, Canadian Defense and Foreign Affairs Institute.Retrieved from http://www.cdfai.org/PDF/Can%20R2P%20Survive%20Libya%20and%20Syria.pdf, Accessed:9/21/2014 6:31.
Pogany, Istvan (1986). Humanitarian Intervention in International Law: The French Intervention in Syria Re-Examined. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 35( 1) pp. 182-190. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/759100 . Accessed: 22/01/2014 12:17.
William, Paul R., Ulbrick, J. Trevor & Worboys, Jonathan (2012). Preventing Mass Atrocity Crimes: The Responsibility to Protect and the Syria Crisis. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 45, Fall 2012. American University, WCL Research, pp. 2012-45.
 Evans, Gareth (2004). The Responsibility to Protect: Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), published by American Society of International Law, Vol. 98, pp. 78-89. Retrieved From  http://www.jstor.org/stable/25659900 . Accessed: 22/01/2014 12:36.
Haddad, Bassam (2005). Syria’s Curious Dilemma. Middle East Report,  Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP), No. 236 , pp. 4-13. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30042456 . Accessed: 22/01/2014 12:26.
 Hannon, Elayne and Russell,  Hannah (2013). From Peaceful Demonstrations to Armed Conflict: Considering Humanitarian Intervention in the Case of Syria. Al-Marsad – Arab Human Rights Centre in Golan Heightsi, Retrieved from  www.golan-marsad.org.
 Okhovat, Sahar (2011). The United Nations Security Council: Its Veto Power and Its Reform. CPACS Working Paper No. 15, The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Sydney. Retrieved from http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/centres/cpacs.
Verity, Adams, Jessop, Louise(2013). The Legality of  Interventions of a Humanitarian Nature with a Special Focus on the Libyan Intervention, Durham theses, Durham University. Retrieved from Durham
Gierycz, Dorota (2010). From Humanitarian Intervention (HI) to Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Criminal Justice Ethics, 29(2), pp. 110-128. Retrieved from http://www.jmu.edu/mwa/docs/2011/kazickas.pdf, Accessed 9/21/2014 6:56.
Massingham, Eve (2009). Military Intervention for Humanitarian Purposes: Does the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine Advance the Legality of the Use of Force for Humanitarian Ends?. International Review of Red Cross, 91( 871).
 Anselm L.,Strauss, Juliet M., Corbin (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bellamy, Alex J. (2008).  The Responsibility to Protect and the Problem of Military Intervention.  International Affairs, (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 84(4), pp. 615-639,  Retrieved from  http://www.jstor.org/stable/25144868 . Accessed: 22/01/2014 12:35.
Blanchard, Christopher M. (2013). Possible U.S. Intervention in Syria: Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service 7-5700, Retrieved from  www.crs.gov R43201.
Dunne, Tim, Bellamy, Alex(2013). R2P Ideas in brief, Asia Pacific Center for the Responsibility to Protect, 3 (5).
Faheem, Kareem(2012). Arab League Floats Ambitious New Peace Plan for Syria, NEW YORK TIMES, Jan. 22, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/world/middleeast/arab-league-floats-new-peace-plan-forsyria.html.
Findlay, Trevor (2002).The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, Oxford  University Press. Retrieved from http://books.sipri.org/files/books/SIPRI02Findlay.pdf
Ian Brownlie, Humanitarian Intervention, in Law and Civil War in Modern World (J.N. Moore ed., 1974).
Marsh, Katherine(2011). Syria Sanctions Declared as Violent Crackdown Continues, THE GUARDIAN, May 6, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/06/syria-sanctions-crackdown-eu.
Murray, Robert  W. (2014). Rationality and R2P: Unfriendly Bedfellows. E-International Relations (Bristol, UK), Retrieved from www.E-IR.info.
Nanda,Ved P., The Future Under International Law of the Responsibility to Protect After Libya and Syria, Michigan State, International Law Review, 21(1).
Onyango, J. Oloka(1999). Heretical  Reflections On the Right to Self-Determination: Prospects and Problems for a Democratic  Global Future in the New Millenium. American University International Law Review, 15( 1).pp. 151-208.
Orban, Krisztina Huszti and Mueller, Natia Kalandarishvili(2012). Is it a bird? Is it a plane? Is it an armed conflict?: The classification of the situation in Syria. 1 Journal of International Law, 2012 Forthcoming. Retrieved from SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2045696.
Patricia, Yancey, Martin, Barry, A., Turner (1986). Grounded Theory and Organizational Research. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 22, No. (2).
Paul Harris, Martin Chulov, David Batty, and Damien Pearse,(2012). Syrian Resolution Vetoed by Russia and China at United Nations, THE GUARDIAN.
Rao, Neomi(2013). The Choice to Protect: Rethinking Responsibility for Humanitarian Intervention. George Mason University School of Law, Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 44( 3), pp. 697-751.
Russia and China veto UN resolution against Syrian regime, THE GUARDIAN, October 4, 2011, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/05/russia-china-veto-syria-resolution.
 Russia, China Veto Syria Resolution at U.N., THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, July 19, 2012, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18233934.
Schmitt, Charles H. (2013). Legitimacy versus Legality Redux: Arming the Syrian Rebels. 7 Journal of National Security Law and Policy, pp. 139-159. Retrieved from SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2308844.
Syria crisis: Number of refugees rises to 200,000, BBC, Aug. 24, 2012.
Syria crisis: Russia warns Obama against ‘violation’ of international law, NBC NEWS, Aug. 22, 2012.
Syria in Civil War Red Cross says, BBC, Jul. 15, 2012, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middleeast-18849362.
Syria Rejects New Arab League Peace Mission Proposal, BBC, Feb. 13, 2012.
Syrian Uprising: A Year in Turmoil, THE WASHINGTON POST, March 14, 2012.
Taulbee, James Larry (2001). Governing the Use of Force: Does the UN Charter Matter Anymore?. Civil Wars, 4:(2), 1-58. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698240108402468.
Travis, Hannibal(2012). War Gaming the “Arab Spring”: Predicting Likely Outcomes and Planning U.N. Responses. Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 45, Florida International University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-07.  Retrieved from SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2062578.
Weiss, Michael(2011). intervention in Syria? An assessment of legality, logistics and Hazards, A Henry Jackson Society Strategic Briefing.
 Xia, Lucie Qian, The Syrian Crisis and the Responsibility to Protect: A Chinese Perspective. Research Associate, EU-Asia Centre.
Xing, Qu (2012).  The UN Charter, the Responsibility to Protect, and the Syria Issue. Retrieved from http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2012-04/16/content_4943041.htm 
S.C./6659, 26 March 1999.
S.C.Res/1160, 31 March 1998.
S.C.Res/1199, 23 September 1998.
S.C.Res/1203, 24 October 1998.
S.C/Res/1674, 2006.
U. N. Doc. A/1775, 3 Nov 1950.
U.N. Doc. A/HCR/21/50 , 16 Aug 2012.
U.N. Doc. A/Res/66/253, 21 Feb 2012.
 U.N.Doc. A/63/67, 12 Jan 2009. 
http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org