Syria Crisis: Iran's Regional Conflict with US, Israel, and Saudi Arabia

Document Type : .

Authors

1 assistant professor

2 University of Isfahan Department of Political Science and International Relations

10.30465/cps.2020.27954.2366

Abstract

With the start of political protests in Syria, regional and trans-regional actors, each in line with their own interests, have taken a different approach to the country, which is of particular strategic importance in the Middle East. Efforts by governments such as the United States and Saudi Arabia to overthrow Bashar al-Assad's government were evident in the intervention of external actors in the crisis, as opposed to the approach taken by governments such as Iran, Iraq and Russia in the Syrian crisis. The conflict of interest between these powers has prolonged the crisis, and its effects are still visible almost a decade after the protests began.The main question of the article is the regional goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Syria, focusing on the approach of Saudi Arabia, the United States and the Zionist regime. The findings suggest that the US, Saudi Arabia and the Zionist regime's three axes overlap over the weakening position of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Syria. In this regard, the Islamic Republic of Iran seeks to eliminate its regional and security threats from Israel, Saudi Arabia and the United States by participating in Syria and its strategic alliance with the central government of this country.

Keywords


اسماعیلی، علی؛ نیکو، حمید و گل محمدی، مهدی. (1391). مبانی، زمینه‌ها و پیامدهای ژئوپلیتیک بیداری اسلامی. تهران: انتشارات سوره مهر
ببری، نیکنام(1398) انزوای جهانی ترامپ، منتشر شده در روزنامه همشهری
http://newspaper.hamshahrionline.ir/id/92211/ انزوای-جهانی-ترامپ.
بوزان، بری(1390) ایالات متحده و قدرت های بزرگ: سیاست جهانی در قرن بیست و یکم، ترجمه علی حیدری. تهران، پژوهشکده مطالعات راهبردی.
دهشیار، حسین(1390) الزامات بین المللی، ملاحظات داخلی و سقوط پان عربیسم. تهران. فصلنامة مطالعات خاورمیانه،
ساجدی، امیر، (1396). "سیاست خاورمیانه‌ای ترامپ؛ مطالعه موردی بحران سوریه و حمله موشکی امریک"  مطالعات روابط بین‌الملل. دوره دهم، شماره40
سردارنیا، خلیل الله(1396) اپوزیسیون سکولار و بحران سوریه، فصلنامه روابط خارجی، سال نهم شماره دوم.
سیفی ناجی، افسانه، جمشیدی، محمد حسین و محسن اسلامی(1397) بررسی و تبیین عوامل مؤثر در ایجاد و استمرار بحران سوریه برمبنای مدل پژوهشی برچر، تهران، فصلنامه جامعه شناسی سیاسی جهان اسلام، شماره 10
فرازمند، محمد. (1388). ایران و مناسبات جدید قدرت در خاورمیانه، ایران و اعراب. تهران: مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام، مرکز تحقیقات استراتژیک. 
لیتل، ریچارد(1389)،  تحول در نظریه های موازنه قوا ، ترجمه غلامعلی چگنی زاده، تهران: موسسه فرهنگی مطالعات و تحقیقات بین المللی ابرار معاصر تهران.
مرشایمر، جان (1389). تراژدی سیاست بین الملل ترجمه غلامعلی چگنی زاده، تهران: دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین المللی.
مشیرزاده، حمیرا (1389)، تحول در نظریه های روابط بین الملل، تهران، سمت-
نیاکویی، سید امیر و حسین بهمنش (1391)؛ «بازیگران معارض در بحران سوریه: اهداف و رویکردها»، فصلنامه روابط خارجی؛ سال چهارم، ش 4،
هنسن، برت؛ پتر تافت و آندره ویول (1390)؛ راهبردهای امنیتی و نظم جهانی آمریکایی «قدرت ازدست‌رفته»؛ ترجمه دکتر سید امیر نیاکویی و دکتر احمد جانسیر؛ رشت: انتشارات دانشگاه گیلان.
 
Ayoob, Mohammed(2018) Will Iran Leave Syria?, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/ middle-east-watch/will-iran-leave-syria-29982
Ayres,sabra(2018) Netanyahu meets Putin in Russia to discuss Syria, Iran, security issues, http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-russia-israel-putin-netanyahu-20180711-story.html.
Bock, Andreas M. and Ingo, Henneberg (2013), Why Balancing Fails? Working Papers on International Politics and Foreign Policy, at: http://www.jaeger.unikoeln.de/fileadmin/ templates/publikationen/AIPA2_2013.pdf, (Accessed on: 20/01/2016).
Bolton, K. R (2011), “Iran: The Next Domino?”, Foreign Policy, February 22, 2011http://bit.ly/1TuIHzA.
Chittenden,  Michael(2016), "Turkey and the Kurds: Conflict with the Kurdistan Workers’ Party and Implications for Turkey-United States Relations",  Global Security Studies, Summer 2016, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp.31-40.
Daniel,Byman(2018) Syria and Iran: What’s Behind the Enduring Alliance?, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/syria-and-iran-whats-behind-the-enduring-alliance/.
Dapkus, Simonas(2016), "Turkey’s Security Dilemma on the Border With Syria: Situation Assessment and Perspectives of the Intervention", at: http://lfpr.lt/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/LFPR_2015_33_Dapkus.pdf, (Accessed on: 13/9/2016).
Dukhan, Haian(2019) Syria: attempts by Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey to co-opt Arab tribes will deepen the country’s divisions, https://theconversation.com/ syria-attempts-by-saudi-arabia-iran-and-turkey-to-co-opt-arab-tribes-will-deepen-the-countrys-divisions-119402
Goodarzi, Jubin Moazami.(2009) Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment. IB Tauris.
Hage Ali, Mohanad(2019) Power Points Defining the  Syria-Hezbollah Relationship, CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE.
Inbar, Ifraim (2013). “Israel’s Interests in Syria”. BESA Center Perspectives Paper. No. 205. May 20.
Iqbal, K. (2012, February 2014). Notions of strategic depth. Available at: - http: //pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=132042. (accessed on 2012, January28).
Jephat Musarurwa, Hillary(2016) Unpacking the Syrian Crisis: A Literature Review, Information Management and Business Review (ISSN 2220-3796) Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 32-38, December 2016
Kassab,seema(2015) The Resiliency of Authoritarianism: The Assad Regime of Syria,   Proceeding of the National Conference  On Undergraduate Research (NCUR) 2015  Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA  April 16-18, 2015
Membe, S. (2012). Strategic depth. Available at: - http://www.cssforum.com.pk/ csscompulsory- subjects/current-affairs/55474-strategic-depth.html. (accessed on 2014, February 2).
Nader, Alireza& Hanauer, Larry& Allen, Brenna& G. Scotten, Ali(2016), "Regional Implications of an Independent Kurdistan" , RAND Corporation.
Pantucci, Raffaello(2016) Understanding Iran’s Role in the Syrian Conflict, Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies.
Perry, Tom(2017), Syria rebels await action from Trump on safe zones, Damascus silent", Reuters, at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-syria-safezones-idUSKBN15A2MW?il=0, (Accessed on: 13/4/2017).
Risseeuw, Rafke(2018) The Syrian-Iranian Nexus: a Historical Overview of Strategic Cooperation, BRUSSELS INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND HUMAN RIGHTS Avenue Louise.
Shabaneh, Ghassan (2013), “Egypt and Syria’s effect on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict”, Al Jazeera Center for Studies.
Sun, Degang (2009). “Brothers Indeed: Syria-Iran Quasi-alliance Revisited”. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia). Vol. 3. No. 2.
Taşpinar, Ömer, Tol,  Gönül(2014), "Turkey and the Kurds: From Predicament to Opportunity", Us – Europe Analysis Series, No.54.
Thomas, Clayton(2020) U.S. Killing of Qasem Soleimani: Frequently Asked Questions, Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46148
Toosi,NAHL(2019) Congress' Syria panel warns against Trump withdrawal plan, https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/10/syria-study-group-troops-1317433.
Turak, Natasha(2020) The puppet master is dead’: Iranian Gen. Qasem Soleimani’s power, and why his death is such a big deal,  https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01 /03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html
Wallsh, David (2013) “Syrian Alliance Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era: The Impact of - Unipolarity”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Vol. 37. No. 2. Summer.
Walt M. Stephan (1986). Alliance: Balancing and Bandwagoning, in Stephan M. Walt. - (Eds). The Origins of Alliances, Cornell University Press.
Walt, Stephen (1987), the Origins of Alliances, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Walt, Stephen (2005), Taming American Power: The global Response to US Primacy, New York.
Wintour,Patrick(2018) Helsinki summit: what did Trump and Putin agree?, https: //www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/17/helsinki-summit-what-did-trump-and-putin-agree.
Zattoni, Jim(2016), "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations In Brief", Congressional Research Service, March 18.