Abstract
The discussion of how the revolutionary bloc was formed in the second half of the Pahlavi regime is one of the important issues in understanding and analyzing the Islamic Revolution. Such an analysis deals with the issue of active social forces, discourses, their relationship, and finally how Islamism under the leadership of Imam Khomeini prevailed over other competitors. For this purpose, this article has focused its main question on how to develop revolutionary hegemony in civil society (1342-1357). The hypothesis of the article based on Gramsci's model is that the government is not based solely on coercive powers, but it must achieve hegemony within the society by persuading the masses in order to have both legitimacy and authority. The findings of the research have shown that between 1342 and 1357, the Pahlavi regime gradually lost its hegemony in the civil society. In contrast to hegemony, a revolution developed in civil society. In the end, the regime was defeated in this war of positions. The Islamists were able to defeat both the competing ideologies (liberalism and Marxism) and the western discourse of the court. The research approach is cultural sociology and the data collection method was documentary.
Keywords: Hegemony, Gramsci, revolution, civil society, discourse.
Introduction
The question of why there was a revolution in Iran is still alive for social sciences. In the analysis of revolutions, various theories have been presented, each of which has tried to explain what and why it is and explain its process. For this purpose, each of the theories have focused on different components, including the analysis of the revolution based on political issues; economic or cultural or psychological. Iran's Islamic revolution is also one of the revolutions that have attracted the attention of analysts and can be analyzed from different perspectives. One of these analyzes focuses on the process of losing the legitimacy and credibility of the Pahlavi regime within the society. Gramsci's theory is used to understand this process. This research has tried to explain the decline of Pahlavi hegemony and the emergence of the revolutionary bloc based on Gramsci's theory.
 
Materials and Methods
The word "hegemony" means dominance or supremacy. By proposing the concept of hegemony, Gramsci did not subject social conflicts to economic components, unlike classical Marxism. According to Gramsci, revolution is actually a confrontation between forces and ideas in the field of society. Therefore, an intellectual revolution is not accomplished simply by confronting one philosophy with another. It has to deal not only with ideas but also with the social forces behind them. Every government wants to show itself as a symbol of a set of value and moral systems. For this reason, it relies on persuasion instead of force. The revolutionary challenge begins at this point. In the context of civil society, revolutionaries challenge the moral values ​​of the regime to show that it has no moral legitimacy.
 
Discussion and Results
During the Pahlavi period, three major ideologies and their supporting social forces sought to achieve hegemony and discursive supremacy within the civil society. The Shah and the court defended the pre-Islamic antiquarian nationalism and tried to humiliate the latter and glorify the former by dichotomizing Iran and Islam. Leftist thought in the form of Tudeh party and socialist and Marxist parties sought social justice and considered the ruling regime as the representative and manifestation of the capitalist monster. The left and its supporters sought to disrupt the relations that, in their opinion, had dominated the entire modern period, and Iran was a part of this historical aspect whether you like it or not. The keyword of their struggle was justice. Islamists led by Imam Khomeini were the third side of this conflict. The characteristic of Islamism was that, on the one hand, it contained all the concepts of competing discourses. On the other hand, Islamism was mixed with the soul of the nation. People accepted religious beliefs earlier and faster than other concepts. If the ideology of the court spoke of patriotism and progress with an emphasis on nationalism, the same concepts were also present in Islamic thought. If the discourse of the left talks about justice and about the fair distribution of wealth and facilities, Islamic thought had ideas and figures in its history that were the best manifestation of such a slogan. Therefore, it was no surprise that on the day of the war and the final battle, the other two discourses were ideologically disarmed against Islamism and had already lost the battle. Islamism won this conflict by gaining hegemony in the civil society long before the fall of the regime.
 
Conclusion
Governments should bring the society with them without force and relying on persuasion. The Pahlavi regime sought to legitimize itself with nationalist concepts and make the society its supporters. In the same period, leftist ideology entered Iran and tried to promote the concepts of leftist thinking. Besides these, Islamism was also present and propagated its idea. Islamism included the concepts of both its rival discourses. For this reason, he was able to overcome both Pahlavi nationalism and leftist ideology in the civil society. By defeating the rivals, Islamism won the battle for hegemony and was able to bring the revolution to victory.