ادوار تاریخی، فلسفه تاریخ و نهایت آن از منظر قرآن

History is a dynamic and restless reality, and every society represents a segment or phase of the ongoing flow of human history. The study and analysis of history, along with the formulation of a philosophy of history, plays a vital role in shaping visions of the future. The central question of this article is to uncover the philosophy of history as reflected in the Qur’anic worldview. Specifically, it seeks to answer: according to the Qur'an, into what distinct stages can human history be categorized, and what is the Qur’an’s vision for the ultimate end of world history? Employing the qualitative content analysis method in conjunction with a thematic interpretation of the Qur'an, this study first clarifies the intended meaning of "philosophy of history" and briefly surveys the views of prominent historical thinkers. It then presents, based on Qur'anic verses, a tripartite model of historical epochs: the era of a single community (ummah wāḥidah), the era of prophetic missions, and the era of the cessation of revelation. According to this model, the philosophy of history is defined as the ultimate triumph of the truth and the prophetic mission, culminating in the righteous inheriting the earth at the end of time.